Transnational organized crime defies simple narratives.
Illicit trade, drug economies, and trafficking do not occur in a vacuum, nor are they the result of the actions of some vague or externalized “they.” These phenomena are not solely about products, criminal behavior, or market dynamics.
Organized crime is rooted in people, practices, and contexts — shaped by broader socio-economic, political and policy conditions.
To effectively address these issues, research and policy responses must go beyond examining the internal organization or interactions of criminal networks. They must also engage with the deeper structural drivers, enabling factors, and systemic schemes that allow these phenomena to persist and evolve.